Exercise and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

By now, we’ve all heard about the value of exercise in maintaining good health. Literally hundreds of studies conducted over more than half a century demonstrate that regular exercise pares down your risk of developing some deadly problems, including heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer (colorectal cancer, for example). It also eases the toll of chronic ailments like high blood pressure, diabetes, and arthritis. What may come as a surprise is that regular physical activity may actually help prevent some prostate disorders and improve prostate health. Emerging scientific evidence suggests that engaging in a few hours of exercise a week may help keep prostate enlargement in check.

Assessing the evidence

Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between physical activity and BPH, a condition in which the prostate becomes enlarged, causing frequent urination, a weak urinary stream, and other symptoms. One of the first papers, published in 1998, relied on data gleaned from questionnaires submitted by 30,634 men participating in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 3,743 of whom had BPH. Researchers found an inverse relationship between physical activity and BPH symptoms; simply put, men who were more physically active were less likely to suffer from BPH. Even low- to moderate-intensity physical activity, such as walking regularly at a moderate pace, yielded benefits. Walking an additional three hours a week was associated with an extra 10% reduction in risk, researchers found.

The researchers also found that men who spent the most time watching television and videos (41 hours or more a week) were twice as likely to develop symptoms of BPH than those who watched the least (5 hours or less). And interestingly, spending more time on the couch watching television led to more cases of BPH, regardless of how much time was spent exercising.

Other studies have come to less definitive conclusions. For example, the Physicians’ Health Study, based on only 320 cases, showed that men who were relatively sedentary had a lower risk of BPH than those who were highly active. But men who were completely sedentary had the highest risk of BPH.

To further explore the relationship between physical activity and BPH, Italian researchers examined occupational and recreational activity levels of 1,369 men with BPH and 1,451 men without it. The men whose jobs involved strenuous physical activity, such as farmers and construction workers, were 30% to 40% less likely to develop BPH than men with desk jobs. Recreational physical activity helped, too. Men who engaged in five or more hours of exercise a week were 30% to 50% less likely to develop BPH than men who exercised less than two hours a week. Men who had the highest levels of both occupational and recreational physical activity were 60% less likely to develop the condition. (To read all of these studies on your own, see “Studies of exercise and BPH,” below.)

What’s the connection? No one knows for certain, but researchers say that higher levels of physical activity might reduce testosterone, which controls prostate growth and fuels the development of BPH. An alternative explanation is that physical fitness reduces activity of the sympathetic nervous system, the part of the nervous system that becomes active during times of stress, easing the severity of urinary symptoms.

Reaping the benefits

So how much exercise should you do if you’re concerned about prostate health? What activities can you do? Do you have to take up jogging? Must you spend hours huffing and puffing on a treadmill at a gym to keep your prostate healthy?

There is no specific exercise program for men concerned about BPH. But a well-rounded exercise program that includes just half an hour of physical activity on all or most days of the week delivers solid health benefits. And you needn’t perform this activity all at once; you can break it up into three 10-minute segments. Aim for a moderate pace. A good guideline: you should be able to carry on a conversation — yes, short sentences are okay — while exercising. If you’re breathing too hard to talk comfortably, back off. When an activity becomes easy, boost the length of your workout or your speed. (For more on how hard to work, see “What about my heart rate?” below.)

If you want, you can jog or use the treadmill at the gym (see “Health club savvy,” below). But keep in mind that bicycling (see “Your bike seat and your health,” below), swimming, or even taking brisk walks around the block will do the trick. In fact, walking has been touted as a nearly perfect exercise because people of all ages and fitness levels can do it. Walking is also safe for nearly everyone. It doesn’t jar joints or raise the heart rate to a level that would be dangerous, even for someone who is not in good shape.

No matter what activity you choose (for ideas, see “Pick your favorite,” below), avoid sporadic bouts of high-intensity activity. For one thing, the health benefits of exercise depend on the total amount of exercise rather than its intensity. But more importantly, higher-intensity activity raises your chances for muscle or joint injury and for sudden death as a result of heart rhythm disturbances, especially if you’re a “weekend warrior” or you haven’t had a medical check-up to clear you for intense exertion.

Before you start a session of aerobic exercise, include five to 10 minutes of light stretching and low-intensity movement to warm up; this is crucial to avoid injury. Also work in a cool-down period of equal length.

In addition to aerobic activities like walking, a well-rounded exercise program includes strength training, flexibility training (stretching), and balance exercises; each benefits your body in a different way. Strength training builds your muscles and bones and improves your body’s ratio of lean muscle mass to fat. Flexibility training keeps your muscles stretched and your joints limber, and may help prevent injury. Balance exercises ward off falls that can prompt injuries.

Keeping exercise safe

As Harvard’s Dr. Harvey Simon writes in his book The No Sweat Exercise Plan, “The greatest hazard of exercise is not doing it. Far more people are harmed by the lack of exercise than by its excess.” Although the benefits of regular physical activity far outweigh the risks, there are risks, which can range from minor inconveniences to life-threatening situations.

Perhaps the most common risks associated with exercise are muscle and joint problems. Strains, tears, or fractures can be caused by quick movements, such as lunging for a tennis ball. Stiffness, soreness of joints and muscles, and inflammation of tendons and ligaments may be brought on by training too hard or too often, using improper technique or poor equipment (such as worn-out exercise shoes), increasing your activity level too quickly, or not dropping back to a lower level of exercise after a period of inactivity.

By far the most frightening risk associated with exercise is sudden death. Sedentary people who abruptly embark upon vigorous exercise can increase their chances of dying from a heart attack or an arrhythmia, a change in the heart’s rhythm. But it’s important to keep this in perspective. The absolute risk of sudden death during any episode of exercise is minuscule: one in every 1.51 million exercise sessions. It’s equally important to remember that the risk of sudden death discussed here is associated with vigorous exercise. If you work out at a moderate level, your risk is negligible.

To make sure that your exercise routine is as safe and enjoyable as possible, take these simple precautions:

• Talk to your doctor before beginning an exercise program, especially if you have a health problem. He or she can help you determine your limitations and develop a routine that’s appropriate for your fitness level.
• Warm up and cool down properly.
• Drink plenty of fluids.
• Watch for signs of overheating — headache, dizziness, nausea, fainting, cramps, or palpitations — especially in hot, humid weather. If possible, schedule exercise sessions in the early morning or late evening, when temperatures tend to be lower.
• Don’t exercise if you are ill. Resume exercising after you recover, but give yourself time to work back up to your usual level.
• Let injuries heal. That doesn’t mean you need to give up exercise, though. For example, if you’ve sprained your ankle while jogging, try swimming or other activities that use your arms and keep you off your feet.
• Dress in loose, comfortable clothing that’s appropriate for the weather.
• Pay attention to your surroundings. If you walk or jog, for example, always face the traffic. If you bike, ride with the traffic; remember to wear a helmet and obey the rules of the road. Stick to well-lit streets. Consider bringing a cell phone.

Most importantly, listen to your body. Don’t overexert yourself. Cut back if you can’t finish an exercise session, can’t carry on a conversation while exercising, or feel faint or suffer aches and pains in your joints after exercising. Stop your activity and see a doctor right away if you experience burning, tightness, or a feeling of fullness in the chest or upper body; faintness or loss of consciousness; wheezing or shortness of breath that takes more than a few minutes to go away; or pain in the bones or joints.

Admittedly, highlighting the risks of exercise and suggesting various precautions might make you think that getting a daily dose of physical activity is risky business or an utter chore, but it’s not. It can actually be great fun. And it can help keep you — and your prostate — in top shape.

Originally published Oct. 1, 2008; last reviewed April 26, 2011.