What could cause my persistent neck pain?

Q. After I fell, I developed right neck pain radiating to the right shoulder. It's been six months, and the pain persists. What could cause this type of pain?

A. Scientists, researchers, and pain experts continue to explore what causes acute pain from an injury to turn into chronic pain. But first, what is the difference between acute and chronic pain?

Many doctors, including me, have used time frames to define both types of pain, with acute pain lasting two to three weeks and chronic pain lasting two to three months or longer and sometimes becoming permanent. The source of pain is also different. Most acute pain is related to tissue injury and is called nociceptive pain. Chronic pain is referred to as neuropathic pain, which might have started with a damaged or irritated nerve, but the pain signals now originate in the brain. (See "Stopping pain before it turns chronic" for more information.)

So, let's consider your situation through a different lens rather than how long the pain has lasted. I will make some assumptions about your fall to provide a context for understanding this common scenario. The first question is whether your chronic pain relates to persistent tissue injury from your fall. Most cases of tissue damage resolve over weeks, but sometimes there is an element of persistent unrecognized nociceptive pain. But in your case, there appears not to be an ongoing neck or shoulder injury. Yet, in situations like yours, treatment too often remains focused only on the peripheral pain source.

For example, your doctor may recommend a local anesthetic injection, which could temporarily relieve the pain. However, it would probably come back because the chronic pain now originates in the central nervous system. So, the approach to chronic pain is often better served by primarily addressing the neuropathic origin (primarily the brain).

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