Heart Health Archive

Research we're watching

People may let healthy eating and exercise habits slide after starting prescription heart medications, according to a study in the February 18 Journal of the American Heart Association.

The study involved more than 40,000 Finnish people whose average age was 52. From 2000 to 2013, researchers surveyed them at least twice every four years about their body mass index and their exercise, smoking, and drinking habits. They used pharmacy records to track if the participants began taking blood pressure drugs or statins.

Research we're watching

Smart watches and wrist-worn fitness trackers that estimate your heart rate appear to be reliable in people with a range of different skin tones. But their accuracy may vary during different types of everyday activities, a new study finds.

Researchers recruited 53 people with different skin tones to test six different devices, which work by measuring changes in blood flow through the skin using a special sensor. The volunteers also wore electrocardiogram patches (which provide a gold-standard heart rate measurement) while they did different activities: sitting still, breathing deeply, walking, and typing.

In the journals

Moderate and heavy drinkers with atrial fibrillation (afib), a quivering or irregular heartbeat, can reduce their episodes by cutting out most alcohol, says a study published Jan. 2, 2020, in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Afib symptoms include weakness, shortness of breath, and palpitations, and alcohol is often cited as a common trigger. Afib is important not only because of the symptoms it may cause but it also increases your risk of stroke.

Ask the doctor

Q. I recently had an echocardiogram because my doctor heard a murmur, and I was told that my heart valves and heart function were both normal. But when I looked at the report, it indicated that I had an enlarged left atrium. What does that mean?

A. The left atrium is one of your heart's four chambers. Located in the upper half of the heart on the left side of your body, it receives freshly oxygenated blood from your lungs. This blood then surges down through the mitral valve into the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart). Then, the blood travels up through the aortic valve and finally out to supply the body with oxygen.

Strength training may be just as good as aerobic activity for reducing cardiovascular risk.

Any type of movement that makes your heart work harder than usual — brisk walking, dancing, or cycling — will benefit your heart health. But many people don't realize that targeted exercises to strengthen muscles throughout your body may also help stave off heart disease.

"In the past, strong muscles were considered beneficial mainly from a functional standpoint — that is, they make tasks such as carrying groceries and doing laundry easier," says Dr. I-Min Lee, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School who studies the role of physical activity in disease prevention. Those perks are particularly important as people age.

Heart attacks are responsible for most cases of cardiac arrest. Know the warning signs—and what to if you witness a cardiac arrest.

Recently, a Harvard Heart Letter reader sent us an email asking about sudden cardiac arrest. This much-feared event occurs when the heart abruptly and unexpectedly stops beating. Each year, nearly 380,000 people in the United States experience cardiac arrest, and only about 10% survive.

"What are the causes and contributing factors? Are there early symptoms before the arrest occurs? And can it occur in a seemingly healthy middle-aged person?" she asked. Sudden cardiac arrest remains challenging to both predict and prevent. But there are definitely ways to lower your risk — and things that everyone should know (see "Recognize and react to sudden cardiac arrest").

Most people don't need an electrocardiogram before a minor, low-risk procedure. Major surgery is different.

If you've ever had surgery, you may recall having a preoperative evaluation, sometimes referred to as "clearance" for surgery. These check-ups often occur days or weeks prior to a planned, non-cardiac surgery and typically involve a physical exam. You also may get blood tests, x-rays, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) — a quick, painless test that records your heart's electrical activity.

"These evaluations are designed to assess your chances of experiencing a heart-related problem during the surgery," says Dr. Brendan Everett, director of the general cardiology inpatient service at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital. The term "clearance" is misleading, as there is no way to guarantee you won't have complications. Still, knowing ahead of time about any heart-related risks you may have enables the surgeon to better prepare for possible complications and have a backup plan available, says Dr. Everett.

Until recently, cardiac amyloidosis was considered rare and untreatable.

As America's population ages, heart failure diagnoses are on the rise — especially the type caused by a stiff, thickened heart muscle. The heart pumps adequately but can't relax, causing fluid to back up into the lungs, leading to symptoms such as breathlessness and fatigue.

Doctors refer to this form of heart failure as "heart failure with preserved ejection fraction," or HFpEF. About half of all heart failure diagnoses fall into this category, yet the condition has proved challenging to treat. But cardiologists are now recognizing that about 10% to 15% of people with stiff, failing hearts may have cardiac amyloidosis.

Sunflower seeds, which are harvested from the centers of large, yellow-petaled flowers, have a long and interesting history. Native American Indians cultivated sunflowers some 8,000 years ago, using the seeds to make meal for bread.

Today, farmers grow two main types of sunflowers. Those with solid black hulls have extra-oily seeds, which are pressed into sunflower oil or used in bird feeders. Those with black-and-white-striped hulls are used in food. In the late 1960s, chewing a mouthful to extract the small seeds became popular among baseball players, allegedly as a substitute for chewing tobacco. In the 1970s, hulled sunflower seeds gained a following among vegetarians and natural-food enthusiasts.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that people are capable of changing their behavior— surprisingly fast—when the stakes are high. Can we apply that resolve to other persistent issues that affect our health and quality of life?